Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif Ilmu Ekonomi
Keywords:
Metodologi, Penelitian, Kualitatif, Ilmu, EkonomiAbstract
Buku ini lahir dari sebuah keyakinan sederhana namun sangat mendasar: bahwa untuk memahami ekonomi secara sungguh-sungguh, kita perlu memahami manusianya. Angka-angka statistik dan model-model matematis yang mendominasi analisis ekonomi kontemporer merupakan alat yang sangat berguna, namun ia seringkali tidak mampu menangkap hal yang paling penting—cara manusia yang nyata, dalam kehidupan yang nyata, memahami dan menjalani realitas ekonomi yang melingkupi mereka. Di sinilah penelitian kualitatif menemukan panggilannya yang paling esensial: memberikan akses ke dimensi kemanusiaan dari kehidupan ekonomi yang tidak bisa didistilasi ke dalam angka.
Indonesia merupakan konteks yang sangat istimewa untuk penelitian kualitatif ekonomi. Dengan lebih dari 270 juta penduduk yang tersebar di ribuan pulau, dengan keragaman etnis, bahasa, dan tradisi yang luar biasa, dengan ekonomi yang mencakup spektrum dari komunitas adat yang masih mengandalkan praktik-praktik pengelolaan sumber daya berbasis adat hingga ekosistem startup digital yang berkembang dengan kecepatan yang menakjubkan—Indonesia menyediakan laboratorium yang sangat kaya bagi peneliti yang ingin memahami bagaimana ekonomi beroperasi dalam konteks yang beragam dan kompleks. Namun paradoksnya, penelitian ekonomi di Indonesia masih sangat didominasi oleh pendekatan kuantitatif yang diimpor dari tradisi akademis Barat—dan yang seringkali tidak cukup peka terhadap kekhasan konteks Indonesia.
Buku ini ditulis untuk menjawab kebutuhan yang sangat nyata di kalangan mahasiswa ekonomi, peneliti, dan praktisi kebijakan di Indonesia: kebutuhan akan panduan yang komprehensif, rigorous, namun juga kontekstual tentang cara melakukan penelitian kualitatif yang berkualitas tinggi dalam bidang ilmu ekonomi. Panduan-panduan metodologi penelitian kualitatif yang tersedia sebagian besar ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris dan untuk konteks akademis yang sangat berbeda dari konteks Indonesia. Buku-buku metodologi dalam bahasa Indonesia seringkali sangat dangkal dalam hal kedalaman metodologis atau sangat jauh dari realitas penelitian ekonomi. Buku ini berupaya mengisi celah tersebut.
Perjalanan melalui tiga puluh bab buku ini merupakan perjalanan yang dimulai dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan filosofis yang paling mendasar—tentang hakikat pengetahuan, tentang hubungan antara peneliti dan yang diteliti, tentang apa yang bisa kita klaim sebagai kebenaran dalam ilmu sosial—dan kemudian secara bertahap bergerak melalui berbagai dimensi praktis dari pelaksanaan penelitian. Filsafat dan paradigma penelitian kualitatif memberikan fondasi yang tidak boleh diabaikan, karena setiap keputusan metodologis pada akhirnya berakar dalam asumsi-asumsi tentang realitas dan pengetahuan yang perlu dipahami secara eksplisit.
Dari fondasi filosofis tersebut, buku ini mengeksplorasi berbagai desain penelitian kualitatif yang berbeda—studi kasus, grounded theory, fenomenologi, etnografi, penelitian naratif, analisis wacana, dan penelitian tindakan partisipatif—masing-masing dengan filosofi, prosedur, dan kekuatan yang khasnya. Setiap pendekatan diilustrasikan dengan contoh-contoh dari konteks penelitian ekonomi Indonesia sehingga pembaca bisa memahami relevansinya untuk persoalan-persoalan yang paling aktual. Tidak ada satu pendekatan yang dinyatakan "terbaik"—setiap pendekatan memiliki kelebihan yang membuatnya sangat tepat untuk jenis pertanyaan dan konteks tertentu.
Dimensi praktis dari penelitian kualitatif mendapat perhatian yang sangat serius dalam buku ini: bagaimana membangun akses ke lapangan dan membangun kepercayaan dengan informan, bagaimana melakukan wawancara mendalam yang menghasilkan data yang kaya dan bermakna, bagaimana mengelola dan menganalisis data yang kompleks, dan bagaimana menjaga standar keabsahan yang tinggi sepanjang proses penelitian. Bab-bab tentang analisis data secara khusus membahas prosedur-prosedur yang sangat konkret—dari coding dan kategorisasi, hingga analisis tematik, hingga pembangunan teori—yang memberikan panduan yang bisa langsung diaplikasikan.
Buku ini juga sangat serius dalam membahas dimensi etis dari penelitian kualitatif ekonomi—yang seringkali diabaikan dalam panduan metodologi yang lebih teknis. Peneliti yang bekerja dengan komunitas yang rentan, yang mengumpulkan data tentang kehidupan pribadi dan kondisi keuangan informan, atau yang melakukan penelitian yang hasilnya bisa mempengaruhi kebijakan yang berdampak langsung pada kehidupan banyak orang—memiliki tanggung jawab etis yang sangat besar yang harus diambil dengan sangat serius.
References
Abdullah, Irwan. Seks, Gender dan Reproduksi Kekuasaan. Yogyakarta: Tarawang, 1997.
Akerlof, George A., dan Robert J. Shiller. Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009.
American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 7th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2020.
Ascarya dan Diana Yumanita. Bank Syariah: Gambaran Umum. Jakarta: Pusat Pendidikan dan Studi Kebanksentralan Bank Indonesia, 2005.
Association of Internet Researchers. Internet Research: Ethical Guidelines 3.0. Chicago: AoIR, 2019.
ATLAS.ti Scientific Software Development. ATLAS.ti 9 Quick Tour. Berlin: ATLAS.ti, 2019.
Austin, John L. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research. 14th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2016.
Banerjee, Abhijit V., dan Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011.
Basri, M. Chatib. Bajaj di Jakarta dan Tanda-Tanda Ekonomi dalam Kehidupan Sehari-Hari. Jakarta: Kompas, 2014.
Becker, Howard S. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020.
Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Diterjemahkan oleh Richard Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
Bourdieu, Pierre. The Logic of Practice. Diterjemahkan oleh Richard Nice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990.
Bourdieu, Pierre, dan Loïc J.D. Wacquant. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Braun, Virginia, dan Victoria Clarke. "Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology." Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, no. 2 (2006): 77–101.
Bruner, Jerome. Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
Cassell, Catherine, dan Gillian Symon, eds. Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London: SAGE Publications, 2004.
Chambers, Robert. Participatory Workshops: A Sourcebook of 21 Sets of Ideas and Activities. London: Earthscan, 2002.
Chambers, Robert. Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1997.
Chapra, Muhammad Umer. Islam and the Economic Challenge. Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1992.
Charmaz, Kathy. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2014.
Clandinin, D. Jean, dan F. Michael Connelly. Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.
Clarke, Adele E. Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory after the Postmodern Turn. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2005.
Clifford, James, dan George E. Marcus, eds. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Collier, David. "Understanding Process Tracing." PS: Political Science & Politics 44, no. 4 (2011): 823–830.
Couldry, Nick. Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012.
Cox, Robert W. "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory." Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10, no. 2 (1981): 126–155.
Creswell, John W., dan Vicki L. Plano Clark. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
Creswell, John W., dan Cheryl N. Poth. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
Daly, Herman E., dan Joshua Farley. Ecological Economics: Principles and Applications. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2011.
Davis, Aeron. The Mediation of Power: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge, 2007.
De Saussure, Ferdinand. Course in General Linguistics. Diterjemahkan oleh Wade Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959.
Denzin, Norman K. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989.
Denzin, Norman K., dan Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2018.
DeWalt, Kathleen M., dan Billie R. DeWalt. Participant Observation: A Guide for Fieldworkers. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2011.
Dunleavy, Patrick. Authoring a PhD: How to Plan, Draft, Write and Finish a Doctoral Thesis or Dissertation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Dunn, Elizabeth C. Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and the Remaking of Labor. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004.
Ellis, Carolyn, dan Arthur P. Bochner. "Autoethnography, Personal Narrative, Reflexivity: Researcher as Subject." Dalam Handbook of Qualitative Research, 2nd ed., diedit oleh Norman K. Denzin dan Yvonna S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2000.
Ellis, Carolyn, Tony E. Adams, dan Arthur P. Bochner. "Autoethnography: An Overview." Forum: Qualitative Social Research 12, no. 1 (2011): 1–18.
Emerson, Robert M., Rachel I. Fretz, dan Linda L. Shaw. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Estrella, Marc, et al. Learning from Change: Issues and Experiences in Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 2000.
Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman, 1995.
Fals Borda, Orlando. "Participatory (Action) Research in Social Theory: Origins and Challenges." Dalam Handbook of Action Research, diedit oleh Peter Reason dan Hilary Bradbury. London: SAGE Publications, 2001.
Foucault, Michel. The Archaeology of Knowledge. Diterjemahkan oleh A.M. Sheridan Smith. London: Tavistock Publications, 1972.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Diterjemahkan oleh Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1977.
Foucault, Michel. "Governmentality." Dalam The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, diedit oleh Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, dan Peter Miller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Diterjemahkan oleh Myra Bergman Ramos. New York: Herder and Herder, 1970.
Fusch, Patricia I., dan Lawrence R. Ness. "Are We There Yet? Data Saturation in Qualitative Research." The Qualitative Report 20, no. 9 (2015): 1408–1416.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. 2nd rev. ed. Diterjemahkan oleh Joel Weinsheimer dan Donald G. Marshall. New York: Crossroad, 1989.
Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
Geertz, Clifford. Peddlers and Princes: Social Development and Economic Change in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
Geertz, Clifford. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.
Gereffi, Gary, John Humphrey, dan Timothy Sturgeon. "The Governance of Global Value Chains." Review of International Political Economy 12, no. 1 (2005): 78–104.
Gioia, Dennis A., Majken Schultz, dan Kevin G. Corley. "Organizational Identity, Image, and Adaptive Instability." Academy of Management Review 25, no. 1 (2000): 63–81.
Giorgi, Amedeo. The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2009.
Glaser, Barney G. Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis: Emergence vs. Forcing. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1992.
Glaser, Barney G. Theoretical Sensitivity: Advances in the Methodology of Grounded Theory. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press, 1978.
Glaser, Barney G., dan Anselm L. Strauss. Awareness of Dying. Chicago: Aldine, 1965.
Glaser, Barney G., dan Anselm L. Strauss. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine, 1967.
Google, Temasek, dan Bain & Company. e-Conomy SEA 2022. Google, 2022.
Granovetter, Mark. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology 91, no. 3 (1985): 481–510.
Greene, Jennifer C. Mixed Methods in Social Inquiry. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007.
Gupta, Akhil. "Blurred Boundaries: The Discourse of Corruption, the Culture of Politics, and the Imagined State." American Ethnologist 22, no. 2 (1995): 375–402.
Hadiz, Vedi R. Workers and the State in New Order Indonesia. London: Routledge, 1997.
Hajer, Maarten. The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Hammersley, Martyn, dan Paul Atkinson. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2007.
Haraway, Donna. "Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective." Feminist Studies 14, no. 3 (1988): 575–599.
Harkness, Janet, Fons J.R. Van de Vijver, dan Peter Ph. Mohler, eds. Cross-Cultural Survey Methods. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience, 2003.
Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Diterjemahkan oleh John Macquarrie dan Edward Robinson. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.
Henrich, Joseph, Steven J. Heine, dan Ara Norenzayan. "The Weirdest People in the World?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 2–3 (2010): 61–83.
Hine, Christine. Ethnography for the Internet: Embedded, Embodied and Everyday. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.
Hine, Christine. Virtual Ethnography. London: SAGE Publications, 2000.
Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Hopwood, Anthony G., dan Peter Miller, eds. Accounting as Social and Institutional Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Hsieh, Hsiu-Fang, dan Sarah E. Shannon. "Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis." Qualitative Health Research 15, no. 9 (2005): 1277–1288.
Husserl, Edmund. Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. Diterjemahkan oleh W.R. Boyce Gibson. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1931.
Husserl, Edmund. The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. Diterjemahkan oleh David Carr. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1970.
Isenberg, Daniel. "How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution." Harvard Business Review 88, no. 6 (2010): 40–50.
Israel, Barbara A., Amy J. Schulz, Edith A. Parker, dan Adam B. Becker. "Review of Community-Based Research: Assessing Partnership Approaches to Improve Public Health." Annual Review of Public Health 19 (1998): 173–202.
Israel, Mark, dan Iain Hay. Research Ethics for Social Scientists. London: SAGE Publications, 2006.
Jasanoff, Sheila, ed. States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and Social Order. London: Routledge, 2004.
Johnson, R. Burke, dan Anthony J. Onwuegbuzie. "Mixed Methods Research: A Research Paradigm Whose Time Has Come." Educational Researcher 33, no. 7 (2004): 14–26.
Kabeer, Naila. Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London: Verso, 1994.
Kingdon, John W. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2nd ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
Koentjaraningrat. Kebudayaan Mentalitas dan Pembangunan. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1974.
Kozinets, Robert V. Netnography: The Essential Guide to Qualitative Social Media Research. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2020.
Labov, William, dan Joshua Waletsky. "Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience." Dalam Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts, diedit oleh June Helm. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967.
Laclau, Ernesto, dan Chantal Mouffe. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. London: Verso, 1985.
Lansing, J. Stephen. Priests and Programmers: Technologies of Power in the Engineered Landscape of Bali. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Lassiter, Luke E. The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
Lee, Frederic S., dan Bruce Cronin, eds. Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Heterodox Economics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2016.
Lehdonvirta, Vili. Cloud Empires: How Digital Platforms Are Overtaking the State and How We Can Regain Control. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2022.
Lewin, Kurt. "Action Research and Minority Problems." Journal of Social Issues 2, no. 4 (1946): 34–46.
Lincoln, Yvonna S., dan Egon G. Guba. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications, 1985.
Lincoln, Yvonna S., dan Egon G. Guba. "Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences." Dalam The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., diedit oleh Norman K. Denzin dan Yvonna S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2005.
Lipsky, Michael. Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Service. 30th anniversary expanded ed. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2010.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1922.
Mayring, Philipp. Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Foundation, Basic Procedures and Software Solution. Klagenfurt: SSOAR, 2014.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception. Diterjemahkan oleh Colin Smith. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962.
Mertens, Donna M. Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity with Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2015.
Miles, Matthew B., A. Michael Huberman, dan Johnny Saldaña. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2014.
Narayan, Deepa, Robert Chambers, Meera K. Shah, dan Patti Petesch. Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 2000.
Narayan, Kirin. "How Native Is a 'Native' Anthropologist?" American Anthropologist 95, no. 3 (1993): 671–686.
Nancy, Jean-Luc. The Ground of the Image. Diterjemahkan oleh Jeff Fort. New York: Fordham University Press, 2005.
Nelson, Julie A. Feminism, Objectivity and Economics. London: Routledge, 1996.
North, Douglass C. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
O'Brien, Bridget C., Ilene B. Harris, Thomas J. Beckman, Darcy A. Reed, dan David A. Cook. "Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research: A Synthesis of Recommendations." Academic Medicine 89, no. 9 (2014): 1245–1251.
Ostrom, Elinor. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Palmer, Richard E. Hermeneutics: Interpretation Theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1969.
Patton, Michael Quinn. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2015.
Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Diterjemahkan oleh Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Plummer, Ken. Documents of Life 2: An Invitation to a Critical Humanism. London: SAGE Publications, 2001.
Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944.
Polkinghorne, Donald. Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Portelli, Alessandro. The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories: Form and Meaning in Oral History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Portes, Alejandro, dan William Haller. "The Informal Economy." Dalam The Handbook of Economic Sociology, 2nd ed., diedit oleh Neil J. Smelser dan Richard Swedberg. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Pratikno dan Cornelis Lay. Daerah dalam Perspektif Kebijakan: Dari Sentralisasi ke Desentralisasi. Yogyakarta: PLOD, 2001.
Przeworski, Adam, dan Henry Teune. The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry. New York: Wiley, 1970.
QSR International. NVivo 12 Getting Started Guide. Melbourne: QSR International, 2018.
Ragin, Charles C. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Raihan, Selim, Md. Wahid Ferdous Ibon, Marup Hossain, Minhaj Mahmud, Binayak Sen, Rajib Timalsina, dan Ramesh Gaudel. "COVID-19 and the Economic Plight of Informal Workers in South Asia: Evidence from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan." Journal of Development Studies 58, no. 11 (2022): 2208–2225.
Reason, Peter, dan Hilary Bradbury, eds. Handbook of Action Research: Participative Inquiry and Practice. London: SAGE Publications, 2001.
Resosudarmo, Budy P., ed. The Politics and Economics of Indonesia's Natural Resources. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005.
Richards, Lyn. Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2015.
Richardson, Laurel. "Writing: A Method of Inquiry." Dalam The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., diedit oleh Norman K. Denzin dan Yvonna S. Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2005.
Riessman, Catherine Kohler. Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2008.
Ritchie, Jane, dan Liz Spencer. "Qualitative Data Analysis for Applied Policy Research." Dalam Analyzing Qualitative Data, diedit oleh Alan Bryman dan Robert G. Burgess. London: Routledge, 1994.
Robison, Richard, dan Vedi R. Hadiz. Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
Rosen, Michael. "You Asked for It: Christmas at the Bosses' Expense." Journal of Management Studies 25, no. 5 (1988): 463–480.
Saldaña, Johnny. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. Sequence Organization in Interaction: A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Schütze, Fritz. "Zur Hervorlockung und Analyse von Erzählungen thematisch relevanter Geschichten im Rahmen soziologischer Feldforschung." Dalam Kommunikative Sozialforschung, hrsg. C. Hoffmann-Riem et al. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1977.
Schutz, Alfred. The Phenomenology of the Social World. Diterjemahkan oleh George Walsh dan Frederick Lehnert. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1967.
Scott, James C. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.
Scott, John. A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990.
Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books, 1999.
Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
Shiller, Robert J. Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
Silvia, Paul J. How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2019.
Simon, Herbert A. Models of Bounded Rationality. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982.
Smith, Jonathan A., Paul Flowers, dan Michael Larkin. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: SAGE Publications, 2009.
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. 2nd ed. London: Zed Books, 2012.
Srnicek, Nick. Platform Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017.
Stake, Robert E. The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1995.
Stone, Deborah. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 2012.
Strauss, Anselm L., dan Juliet Corbin. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1998.
Tambunan, Tulus T.H. UMKM di Indonesia. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2009.
Tashakkori, Abbas, dan Charles Teddlie. Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2010.
Tett, Gillian. Fool's Gold: How the Bold Dream of a Small Tribe at J.P. Morgan Was Corrupted by Wall Street Greed and Unleashed a Catastrophe. New York: Free Press, 2009.
Thomas, Jim. Doing Critical Ethnography. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, 1993.
Timmermans, Stefan, dan Iddo Tavory. "Theory Construction in Qualitative Research: From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis." Sociological Theory 30, no. 3 (2012): 167–186.
Tong, Allison, Peter Sainsbury, dan Jonathan Craig. "Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): A 32-Item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups." International Journal for Quality in Health Care 19, no. 6 (2007): 349–357.
Van Dijk, Teun A. Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach. London: SAGE Publications, 1998.
Van Dijk, Teun A. Racism and the Press. London: Routledge, 1991.
Van Manen, Max. Researching Lived Experience: Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990.
VERBI Software. MAXQDA 2022 Reference Manual. Berlin: VERBI Software, 2021.
Waring, Marilyn. If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988.
Weiss, Carol H. Evaluation: Methods for Studying Programs and Policies. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
Wildavsky, Aaron. The Politics of the Budgetary Process. 4th ed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1984.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations. Diterjemahkan oleh G.E.M. Anscombe, P.M.S. Hacker, dan Joachim Schulte. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Wodak, Ruth, dan Michael Meyer, eds. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
Wright, Erik Olin. Classes. London: Verso, 1985.
Wynn, Sherry Creswell. "The Nuances of Online Research: Evaluating Ethical and Methodological Considerations." Dalam The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, diedit oleh Patricia Leavy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. 6th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2018.